Hydrogeology 2021 08 01 at 22 28 GMT 7

Groundwater, water that occurs below the surface of Earth, where it occupies all or part of the void spaces in soils or geologic strata. It is also called subsurface water to distinguish it from surface water, which is found in large bodies like the oceans or lakes or which flows overland in streams. Both surface and subsurface water are related through the hydrologic cycle (the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system).
1. Infiltration galleries are also known as horizontal wells as they are horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnels that are constructed through the water-bearing strata along the banks of the river.
2. Infiltration wells are a series of shallow wells constructed along the banks of a river. The wells collect the river water that seeps through their bottom.
3. Spring is the natural outflow of groundwater to the surface of the earth, indicating that the water table has outcropped. Generally, when a pervious layer is crammed between two impervious layers, it eventually gives rise to springs.
a)A gravity spring is formed when the groundwater table rises and overflows beside a natural valley or a depression.
b) In surface springs, an impervious stratum or obstruction supporting the storage becomes inclined. As the stratum is inclined, the water level rises and the water table is exposed to the ground.
c) When water is flowing through a confined aquifer and the above layer is under pressure, it leads to the formation of an artesian spring.
4. A well is a vertically excavated hole on the surface of the earth that facilitates access to groundwater by bringing it up to the surface. Open wells and tube wells are the two types of wells, Open Wells & Tube Wells.